Staring at the Ceiling: How I Stopped Chasing Iodine and Fixed My Sleep by Thinking Like an Engineer

For years, I was a walking contradiction.

By day, I was a dedicated practitioner of nutritional science, deep in the trenches, advising clients and poring over research.

By night, I was just another person staring at the ceiling, my body buzzing with a strange mix of exhaustion and wired anxiety.

I followed all the standard advice, meticulously tracking my diet and supplements.

Yet my own sleep, and the results I was getting for clients with similar issues, lacked that professional edge, that real impact.

My efforts felt like shouting into a void, my meticulous plans often producing a result that was a messy mix of bitterness and grit, sometimes making things worse.

The real turning point didn’t come from a nutrition textbook.

It came, unexpectedly, from the world of electrical engineering, and it gave me a completely new language to understand why I was failing and, finally, how to succeed.

The Quick Fixes for When You Just Need to Sleep

Before we rewire the whole system, let’s address the immediate problem: you need to sleep, tonight.

I learned the hard way that chasing complex solutions while sleep-deprived is a recipe for disaster.

Here are three powerful, low-risk actions you can take right away to calm the storm and create the conditions for rest.

The Temperature Dial: Your First Line of Defense

Your thyroid gland is a master regulator of your body’s metabolism and, by extension, its temperature.¹

When this system is out of balance, it can throw your internal thermostat haywire, making sleep feel impossible.

If your thyroid is overactive (hyperthyroidism), it’s like the furnace is stuck on high; you might experience night sweats and a general feeling of being too warm.²

Conversely, if your thyroid is underactive (hypothyroidism), you might feel perpetually cold, with joint and muscle pain that makes it hard to get comfortable.²

Sleep initiation is tied to a slight drop in core body temperature.

If your body is fighting to cool down or can’t get warm enough, it’s receiving a powerful signal to stay awake.

Adjusting your bedroom environment is a direct intervention.

The optimal temperature for sleep is generally between 16–18°C (60–65°F).

Room temperatures above 24°C (71°F) or below 12°C (53°F) are likely to disrupt sleep for anyone, but especially for someone whose internal thermostat is already struggling.²

Think of your thermostat not just as a comfort setting, but as an external tool to help regulate an internal system that has gone offline.

The Cofactor Cocktail: The Three Minerals Your Thyroid Needs to Work

Before you even think about adding more iodine, you have to ask: is the machinery in place to even use it? Iodine is just the raw material; several other micronutrients are the essential “workers” that turn it into active thyroid hormone.

Focusing on these cofactors first is a safe, foundational strategy.

The three most critical are selenium, zinc, and magnesium.⁴

• Selenium: This mineral is required for the enzymes that produce thyroid hormone and, crucially, it helps protect the thyroid gland from the oxidative stress that this production process creates.⁶
• Zinc: Your body needs zinc to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and to convert the inactive thyroid hormone (T4) into the active form (T3).⁶
• Magnesium: A deficiency in this mineral can directly impair the T4-to-T3 conversion and is strongly associated with an increased risk of autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto’s disease.⁶

Ensuring you have enough of these three minerals is like making sure the factory is fully staffed and the equipment is well-oiled before you order a massive shipment of raw materials.

It’s a “do no harm” approach that can often resolve the issue on its own.

The Wind-Down Circuit: Calming a Dysfunctional Nervous System

Thyroid imbalances wreak havoc on the nervous system.

Hyperthyroidism can make you feel anxious, irritable, and nervous, while hypothyroidism is also linked to anxiety and depressive symptoms.¹

This creates a powerful internal state of distress that is fundamentally opposed to sleep.

For this reason, standard sleep hygiene becomes a non-negotiable therapeutic tool.

It’s not just “good advice”; it’s a necessary counter-measure to the physiological storm.

A structured wind-down routine acts as a strong external signal that can compete with and override the dysfunctional internal one.

This means:

• Turning off all electronic screens at least an hour before bed.
• Avoiding heavy meals, caffeine, and alcohol in the evening.³
• Creating a relaxing, repeatable ritual, like a warm bath, soft music, or reading a physical book.

This routine acts as a form of “signal amplification” for your body’s natural sleep drive, helping it cut through the “noise” generated by the hormonal imbalance.

My Big Mistake: Why I Was Chasing the Wrong Problem

My early years in practice were defined by a deep-seated frustration.

I was meticulously applying the textbook protocols for fatigue, insomnia, and weight gain.

I would check the symptoms, suspect an iodine issue, and suggest solutions.

But the results were inconsistent.

I felt like I was flying blind, applying a potentially powerful intervention to an unconfirmed problem.

The conventional model of treating the body like a simple chemical equation—where adding one missing ingredient magically fixes everything—was failing me and my clients.

The standard answers felt hollow.

The Impedance Mismatch Epiphany: A Lesson from Electrical Engineering

The breakthrough came from a place I never expected: a lecture on electrical circuit design.

The speaker was explaining a concept called impedance matching.

In simple terms, for power to flow efficiently from a source (like an amplifier) to a load (like a speaker), their electrical characteristics, or impedance, must match.

If they don’t match, a significant portion of the power doesn’t get through; it’s reflected back at the source, causing inefficiency, distortion, and even potential damage to the amplifier.¹¹

It hit me like a lightning bolt.

This was the perfect analogy for what was happening in the body.

I had been obsessed with the power source—iodine—without paying any attention to the load—the thyroid gland and the body’s ability to handle that iodine.

I realized that trying to force iodine into a body that wasn’t prepared for it was creating a massive impedance mismatch.

The body couldn’t use the iodine efficiently.

The “reflected power” wasn’t electrical; it was metabolic, manifesting as oxidative stress, inflammation, and a worsening of the very symptoms I was trying to fix.

This insight changed everything.

It shifted my focus from “How much iodine does this person need?” to a much more important question: “How do I prepare this person’s body to use iodine correctly?”

Your Body’s Thermostat: The Thyroid as a Feedback Control Circuit

Thinking like an engineer gave me a new framework.

Our endocrine system is not a simple one-way street; it’s a network of sophisticated feedback circuits designed to maintain a stable internal environment, a state known as homeostasis.¹³

The regulation of your thyroid is a classic example.

The HPT Axis: A Negative Feedback Loop

The system that controls your thyroid is called the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis, and it works like a perfectly calibrated thermostat.¹⁴

1. The Hypothalamus (Sensor): Your brain constantly monitors your body’s needs. When it senses that thyroid hormone levels are low, the hypothalamus releases Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH).¹⁴
2. The Pituitary (Control Panel): TRH travels to the pituitary gland and signals it to release Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH).¹⁴ TSH is the “on” signal sent to the thyroid.
3. The Thyroid (The Furnace): TSH travels through the blood to the thyroid gland, telling it to take up iodine and produce thyroid hormones—primarily the storage hormone Thyroxine (T4​) and the active hormone Triiodothyronine (T3​).¹⁶
4. The Feedback: As T3​ and T4​ levels rise in the blood, they travel back to the brain and signal both the pituitary and the hypothalamus to stop releasing TSH and TRH. This is a negative feedback loop; the output of the system shuts off the initial signal, preventing hormone levels from getting too high.¹⁴

A problem anywhere in this circuit—the brain, the pituitary, the thyroid, or even in the body’s ability to convert T4​ to T3​—can throw the entire system into disarray.

When the Circuit Overheats: Hyperthyroidism and Insomnia

Hyperthyroidism is what happens when this feedback loop breaks and gets stuck in the “on” position.

The thyroid produces too much hormone, sending your metabolism into overdrive.²

This state of constant over-arousal is biochemically incompatible with sleep.

The symptoms are a direct assault on rest:

• Nervousness, irritability, and anxiety ²
• Rapid or pounding heartbeat (palpitations) ¹⁷
• Night sweats and heat intolerance ³
• Frequent nighttime urination ³

One study found that over 66% of patients with Graves’ disease, a common cause of hyperthyroidism, had difficulty falling asleep.²

The body is locked in a “fight or flight” state, and the circuit is simply running too hot to power down.

When the Circuit Browns Out: Hypothyroidism and Insomnia

Hypothyroidism presents a confusing paradox: you’re exhausted all day, yet you can’t get restorative sleep at night.

This is a “brownout” condition where the circuit has too little power.³

While some people with hypothyroidism experience hypersomnia (excessive sleepiness), many suffer from insomnia.²

The insomnia here is usually not caused by a feeling of being “wired,” but by the secondary consequences of a slowed-down system:

• Pain: Aching joints and muscles can make it impossible to get comfortable.²
• Cold: A persistent feeling of being cold can prevent you from falling or staying asleep.³
• Anxiety: Like hyperthyroidism, an underactive thyroid can also trigger anxiety and depressive symptoms that interfere with sleep.¹
• Sleep Apnea: This is a critical and often-missed link. Hypothyroidism can cause tissues in the upper airway to change, including an enlargement of the tongue (macroglossia). This can lead to obstructive sleep apnea, a condition where you repeatedly stop breathing during the night, causing frequent awakenings and severely fragmented, unrefreshing sleep.¹

The body is desperate for rest, but it’s being constantly jolted awake by pain, cold, or a lack of oxygen.

The circuit isn’t just low on power; the low power is causing other components to fail in ways that create constant interruptions.

One fascinating preliminary study found that short-term, severe thyroid hormone deficiency didn’t actually change sleep architecture, suggesting that the insomnia we see in chronic hypothyroidism develops from these longer-term physical and metabolic consequences, not from the hormone lack itself.¹⁹

To help clarify these opposing states, here is a simple comparison.

Table 1: Hypothyroidism vs. Hyperthyroidism: Spotting the Signs

Symptom Category	Hypothyroidism (Underactive / Brownout)	Hyperthyroidism (Overactive / Overheated)
Sleep Pattern	Trouble staying asleep, sleep apnea, unrefreshing sleep, daytime sleepiness 3	Trouble falling asleep, frequent waking due to nervousness, night sweats 2
Energy Level	Persistent fatigue, sluggishness, lack of energy 1	Feeling “wired but tired,” restlessness, hyperactivity 10
Body Temperature	Feeling cold, increased sensitivity to cold 1	Feeling hot, heat intolerance, excessive sweating 3
Heart Rate	Slowed heart rate 1	Rapid or irregular heartbeat, palpitations 17
Weight	Unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight 1	Unintended weight loss despite increased appetite 3
Mood	Depression, mental slowing, difficulty concentrating 1	Anxiety, irritability, nervousness, panic attacks 2
Skin & Hair	Dry, flaky skin; coarse, thinning hair 1	Thin, fragile skin; brittle hair 3

The Iodine Paradox: Too Little is Bad, But Too Much Can Be Worse

My engineering epiphany helped me understand why my early, simplistic approach to iodine was so flawed.

The body’s relationship with iodine is a delicate balancing act.

While deficiency is a known cause of hypothyroidism worldwide, in developed nations where iodized salt is common, excess intake is now a more frequent concern.²⁴

Unsupervised supplementation is risky because the body has powerful, sometimes paradoxical, defense mechanisms against an iodine flood.

The Wolff-Chaikoff Effect: The Body’s Emergency Brake

When the thyroid is suddenly exposed to a large amount of iodine, it has an ingenious defense mechanism called the Wolff-Chaikoff effect.

It pulls an emergency brake, temporarily shutting down hormone production to prevent a toxic overdose.²⁶

It does this by inhibiting the “organification” process, where iodine is attached to a protein backbone to make hormones.²⁶

In a healthy person, the thyroid cleverly “escapes” this shutdown after a day or two by reducing its own ability to absorb iodine, allowing hormone production to resume.²⁶

However, in people with underlying thyroid issues, especially autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto’s, the thyroid can fail to escape.

The emergency brake stays on, leading to

iodine-induced hypothyroidism.²⁶

This reveals that the body perceives a sudden high dose of iodine not as a nutrient, but as a potential poison.

The Jod-Basedow Phenomenon: Adding Fuel to the Fire

Here’s where it gets truly paradoxical.

In a different set of susceptible individuals, the same high dose of iodine does the exact opposite.

This is the Jod-Basedow phenomenon.

Instead of the emergency brake engaging, the flood of iodine acts like gasoline on a fire, triggering a dangerous surge in hormone production and causing iodine-induced hyperthyroidism.²⁷

This is most common in people who have been iodine deficient for a long time or who have autonomous, unregulated nodules on their thyroid.¹⁶

These nodules are like rogue mini-factories that will churn out hormones uncontrollably as long as they have the raw material.

Taking high-dose iodine without knowing the state of your thyroid is like playing Russian roulette; you don’t know if you’re hitting the brake or the accelerator.

Why Your Iodine Test Might Be Lying to You

This leads to the obvious question: “Can’t I just get tested?” Unfortunately, it’s not that simple.

Accurately assessing an individual’s true, functional iodine status is notoriously difficult, and the most common tests can be misleading.

• Iodine Patch Test: This involves painting iodine on your skin and seeing how long it takes to disappear. It is inexpensive but widely considered inaccurate and unreliable for determining deficiency.²⁹
• Spot Urinary Iodine Test: This is the most common test, but it only reflects your iodine intake over the last 24-48 hours, not your body’s total stores. One meal high in seafood can give you a high reading, while a low-iodine day can give you a low one. It’s useful for tracking trends in large populations but is a poor snapshot for an individual.²⁹
• Serum (Blood) Iodine: This test is generally only useful for identifying acute iodine toxicity or overdose. It does not reflect the amount of iodine stored in the thyroid and other tissues.²⁹
• 24-Hour Iodine Loading Test: This is a more comprehensive test that involves taking a large 50 mg dose of iodine and then collecting urine for 24 hours to see how much is retained. While it gives a better picture of whole-body sufficiency, it’s inconvenient and, more importantly, requires you to take a megadose of iodine that carries the exact risks of the Wolff-Chaikoff and Jod-Basedow effects we just discussed.²⁹

The unreliability of these tests means we have to be smarter.

We have to stop trying to measure one noisy variable and instead look at the behavior of the entire circuit: your symptoms, a full thyroid panel, and your status of key cofactors.

Tuning the System: A New Framework for Restful Sleep

Armed with this new perspective, I developed a systematic, safety-first approach to restore thyroid function and, with it, restful sleep.

It’s not about finding a magic bullet; it’s about methodically tuning the entire circuit.

Step 1: Ensure Your “Circuit Board” is Solid (The Cofactors)

This is the non-negotiable first step, directly addressing the “impedance mismatch.” Before you even consider adjusting the iodine signal, you must ensure the underlying metabolic machinery is sound.

• Selenium: This is a critical cofactor for the deiodinase enzymes that convert the inactive storage hormone T4​ into the active hormone T3​. Without enough selenium, this conversion falters. Selenium also acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting the thyroid gland from the hydrogen peroxide produced as a byproduct of hormone synthesis.⁶
• Zinc: Zinc is also a cofactor for deiodinases, but its role is even broader. It’s required for the synthesis of TRH in the hypothalamus and is a key structural component of thyroid hormone receptors on your cells.⁷ Without enough zinc, your cells can’t properly “hear” the message that the thyroid hormones are delivering.
• Magnesium: This mineral is a powerhouse, acting as a cofactor in over 300 enzyme systems.³² For the thyroid, it’s involved in the crucial T4-to-T3 conversion and appears to be necessary for the thyroid to properly take up and utilize iodine in the first place.⁸

Prioritizing these cofactors is a risk-reversal strategy.

It may solve the problem on its own, and it prepares the body to handle iodine safely if it’s needed later.

Step 2: Assess Your “Power Supply” (Iodine Intake)

Once your cofactor status is robust, you can gently ensure an adequate, but not excessive, supply of iodine.

The goal is sufficiency, not saturation.

For most people in North America, this can be achieved through diet alone.²⁴

It is critical to ground your intake in the official, evidence-based guidelines, not the megadoses promoted in some alternative circles.

Table 2: Daily Iodine Needs and Safety Limits (North America)

Life Stage	Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)	Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Children 1–8 years	90 mcg	200–300 mcg
Children 9–13 years	120 mcg	600 mcg
Teens 14–18 years	150 mcg	900 mcg
Adults (19+ years)	150 mcg	1,100 mcg
Pregnant Women	220 mcg	1,100 mcg
Breastfeeding Women	290 mcg	1,100 mcg
Source: National Institutes of Health (NIH) 24

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects.

Aiming for the RDA, primarily through food, is the safest and most effective strategy.

Table 3: Your Thyroid Support Toolkit: Food Sources for Key Nutrients

Nutrient	Why It’s Critical (Role in Thyroid Circuit)	Excellent Food Sources
Iodine	The essential raw material for thyroid hormones (T4​ and T3​).16	Seafood (cod, tuna, shrimp), seaweed, dairy products, eggs, iodized salt.24
Selenium	The primary “converter” of inactive T4​ to active T3​; protects the thyroid “circuit board” from oxidative damage.6	Brazil nuts (just 1-2 nuts provide the daily need), tuna, sardines, beef, chicken, eggs.6
Zinc	A “converter” cofactor; essential for making the initial TSH signal; helps cell receptors “hear” the hormone signal.7	Oysters, beef, crab, pumpkin seeds, cashews, chickpeas.6
Magnesium	A “converter” cofactor; essential for iodine uptake; powers the entire energy grid that the thyroid regulates.8	Leafy greens (spinach, Swiss chard), almonds, pumpkin seeds, black beans, avocados, dark chocolate.9

Step 3: A Cautious Approach to Supplementation

If you have addressed cofactors and diet for at least a month and still have clear symptoms of hypothyroidism, you might consider supplementation, but only with extreme caution and professional guidance.

Taking iodine when your hypothyroidism is caused by something other than deficiency (like Hashimoto’s) will not help and can make your condition significantly worse.³⁷

People with autoimmune thyroid disease are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of iodine.³⁵

If supplementation is deemed necessary, the protocol should be the inverse of the risky “loading” methods:

1. Work with a knowledgeable healthcare professional who can run a full thyroid panel (including antibodies) and help you monitor your progress.
2. Ensure cofactor sufficiency first. This is non-negotiable.
3. Start low. Begin with a physiological dose at or near the RDA of 150 mcg, not with milligrams.
4. Listen to your body. Monitor your symptoms with vigilance. Any sign of hyperthyroid symptoms (anxiety, heart palpitations, feeling shaky) or a worsening of your existing symptoms is a clear signal to stop immediately.

From Chasing Symptoms to Engineering Health

My journey from staring at the ceiling to sleeping soundly wasn’t about finding a forgotten nutrient or a secret protocol.

It was about a fundamental shift in thinking.

By applying the principles of electrical engineering, I stopped chasing a single variable and started looking at the health of the entire system.

I learned to respect the body’s elegant design, its feedback loops, and its protective mechanisms.

This approach—building a solid foundation with cofactors, ensuring a safe and adequate supply of raw materials, and making cautious, measured adjustments—is what finally resolved my own struggles and became the successful, replicable workflow I use today.

Restful sleep isn’t the result of a single magic bullet.

It’s the output of a well-tuned, well-respected system.

The goal is to become the thoughtful engineer of your own health, not just a consumer of supplements.

Works cited

1. Iodine Deficiency and Sleep: Causes, Symptoms, and Solutions, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.preparations-apothicaire.com/en/blogs/news/carence-en-iode-et-sommeil
2. Thyroid Conditions and Insomnia – What’s the Link? – Medichecks, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.medichecks.com/blogs/thyroid/thyroid-conditions-and-insomnia-what-s-the-link
3. Thyroid Problems May Be Disrupting Your Sleep – WebMD, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/thyroid-and-insomnia
4. The Role of Nutrition on Thyroid Function – PMC – PubMed Central, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11314468/
5. Thyroid hormones and minerals in immunocorrection of disorders in autoimmune thyroid diseases – Frontiers, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1225494/full
6. Supplements and Thyroid Health: What to Know – Healthline, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/thyroid-vitamins
7. The Role of Zinc in Thyroid Hormones Metabolism – IMR Press, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://article.imrpress.com/journal/IJVNR/89/1-2/10.1024/0300-9831/a000262/1c7d7b6d7adeb138c140a1e6344ad023.pdf
8. Benefits of Magnesium for Thyroid Health – Paloma Health, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.palomahealth.com/learn/benefits-magnesium-thyroid-health
9. Magnesium deficiency and thyroid health – ThyForLife, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.thyforlife.com/magnesium-thyroid-health/
10. Don’t Let Your Thyroid Steal Your Sleep | Premier Health, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.premierhealth.com/your-health/articles/women-wisdom-wellness-/don-t-let-your-thyroid-steal-your-sleep
11. Impedance Matching in Electromagnetism – Number Analytics, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.numberanalytics.com/blog/impedance-matching-electromagnetism
12. 2.19 Maximum Power Transfer and Impedance Matching – Ultimate Electronics Book, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://ultimateelectronicsbook.com/maximum-power-transfer-and-impedance-matching/
13. Feedback Control Systems – (Biomedical Engineering II) – Vocab, Definition, Explanations, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/biomedical-engineering-ii/feedback-control-systems
14. Interconnection between circadian clocks and thyroid function – PMC, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7288350/
15. Bioengineering Signals and Systems Unit 16 – Biological Feedback Control Systems – Fiveable, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://library.fiveable.me/bioengineering-signals-systems/unit-16
16. Iodine | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/iodine
17. requestatest.com, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://requestatest.com/how-hypothyroidism-and-hyperthyroidism-cause-insomnia#:~:text=An%20overactive%20thyroid%20can%20cause,urinate%2C%20which%20can%20disrupt%20sleep.
18. How Can Thyroid Dysfunction Cause Sleep Problems – Verywell Health, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.verywellhealth.com/thyroid-hormones-sleep-disorders-3014705
19. Short-term severe thyroid hormone deficiency does not influence …, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22411172/
20. 11 iodine deficiency signs – Medical News Today, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320891
21. Iodine Deficiency | Temple Health, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/iodine-deficiency
22. 10 Signs and Symptoms of Iodine Deficiency – Healthline, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/iodine-deficiency-symptoms
23. Iodine Deficiency – 6 Signs You Are Suffering From It! – By Dr. Rajkumar | Lybrate, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.lybrate.com/topic/iodine-deficiency-6-signs-you-are-suffering-from-it/fdc09f2b9191ecdad189a5e688c6b3d4
24. Iodine – Consumer, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-Consumer/
25. Iodine’s Role in Thyroid Health, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.verywellhealth.com/iodine-and-the-thyroid-3231870
26. Wolff–Chaikoff effect – Wikipedia, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Chaikoff_effect
27. Risks of Iodine Excess | Endocrine Reviews | Oxford Academic, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/45/6/858/7693016
28. Consequences of excess iodine – SciSpace, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://scispace.com/pdf/consequences-of-excess-iodine-29xqhzzrv4.pdf
29. Comparing 4 Different Methods Of Iodine Testing – Natural Endocrine Solutions, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.naturalendocrinesolutions.com/articles/comparing-4-methods-iodine-testing/
30. Iodine Testing For Your Thyroid: Which Method is Best? – Dr. Westin Childs, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.restartmed.com/iodine-testing/
31. Hypothyroidism Diet: Foods to Eat, Avoid, and Meal Plan Ideas – Healthline, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/hypothyroidism-diet
32. Magnesium and Hypothyroidism – Paloma Health, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.palomahealth.com/supplements/magnesium-hypothyroidism
33. The basic elements iodine, selenium and magnesium are provided by an… – ResearchGate, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-basic-elements-iodine-selenium-and-magnesium-are-provided-by-an-adequate-nutrition_fig1_268749725
34. Activities of Serum Magnesium and Thyroid Hormones in Pre-, Peri-, and Post-menopausal Women – PMC, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6996468/
35. IODINE: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-35/iodine
36. Iodine – The Nutrition Source, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/iodine/
37. Hypothyroidism: Should I take iodine supplements? – Mayo Clinic, accessed on July 20, 2025, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/expert-answers/hypothyroidism-iodine/faq-20057929